Stirling Engine

A Stirling engine, which is a heat engine of external combustion piston engine type whose heat exchange process allows for the near ideal efficiency in the conversion of the heat into the mechanical movement by the following Carnot cycle as closely as is practically possible with the given materials.
Stirling engine’s invention is credited to Scottish clergyman Rev. Robert Stirling in 1816 who made significant improvements to the earlier designs and took out the first patent on it. Robert Stirling was later assisted in its development by his engineer brother named James Stirling.
The inventors sought to create a safer alternative to steam engines of the time, whose boilers will often exploded due to the high pressure of steam and the inadequate materials. It will convert any temperature difference directly into the movement.
The Stirling engine will works by repeated heating and cooling of usually sealed amount of working gas, usually air or other gases such as hydrogen or helium. This is accomplished by moving the gas between hot & cold heat exchangers, the hot heat exchanger being a chamber in thermal contact with an external heat source, for e.g. a fuel burner, and the cold heat exchanger being a chamber in the thermal contact with an external heat sink, for e.g. air fins.
The gas will follow the behavior described by gas laws which describe how a gas pressure, temperature and the volume are related. When the gas will be heated, because it is in sealed chamber, the pressure rises and this acts on the power piston to produce a power stroke. When the gas will be cooled, the pressure drops and this means that less work needs to done by the piston to recompress the gas on the return stroke, which will be giving a net gain in the power available on shaft. The working gas flows cyclically between the hot and the cold heat exchangers.

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Stamped Concrete

This post is providing a brief idea about the Civil Engineering Topic Stamped Concerete. Stamped Concrete is the process of adding texture and color to the concrete to make it as a resemble stone, slate, brick, cobblestone and many other products found in the nature including wood, shells, fossils, and many more things. This limitless array of the possibilities combined with a great durability and lower cost than the natural products makes the Stamped Concrete as an easy choice for new construction and renovation projects.

The installation consists of the pressing molds into the concrete while the concrete is still in its plastic state. Color is achieved by using the Color Hardeners or Dry Shakes , Liquid Releases or Powder, Acid Stains or Integral Colors. All these products may be combined to create even more intricate designs.


History related with Stamped Concrete:

The Stamped Concrete has been around for about 50+ of years, what it started in the late 50's as a novelty products grew steadily until the mid 70's. When it experienced a huge growth spurt as more architects, contractors and designers became aware of it's benefits, lower costs & natural beauty. Stamped Concrete caused a major stir when it was introduced @ World of Concrete and since 1978 Decorative Concrete has been one of the show's major attractions.

In the beginning stage there were only very few designs available, but when the industry grew and more companies got into the scene the choices multiplied exponentially. Today there are many tools & materials manufacturers and with the advent of the additional coloring systems such as Stains, Acid Stains and Dyes the choices are even more numerous.

Stamped Concrete may used on the driveways, patios, commercial roads and parking lots and even interior floors. Stamped concrete, commonly referred to as patterned concrete or imprinted concrete, is concrete that is designed to resemble slate, slate, stone, flagstone, tile and even wood. In this section we will see how stamped concrete can be used to the beautify pool decks, entries, driveways, courtyards,patios, etc. Due to the wide array of options when it comes to concrete pattern, concrete colors, and the cost of stamped, or imprinted concrete in relation to the materials it is a substitute for, the choice of stamped concrete is becoming more popular and frequent.

Colors & patterns for stamped cement are often chosen to blend with other stone, tile or with the patterned concrete elements @ residence. Complex designs incorporating steps, courtyards, and the fountains can be achieved when the patterns are pressed into the concrete. Stamped concrete can also be blended with other decorative concrete elements such as exposed aggregate finishes and the acid-etch staining, along with a particular pattern, such as running bond brick, hexagonal tile, worn rock or stone. Concrete provides the perfect canvas for creating an economical replica of more expensive materials and yet still maintaining a very natural and authentic look. Stamped Concerete is one of the very important topic in the Civil Engineering.

Decorative Concretes

This Civil Engineering Topic is regarding with the Decorative Conceretes. From the last many years, concrete has been used as a simple, effective & low cost surface for all sorts of areas ranging from car parks to the drive ways to commercial freight yards. However, the one factor you rarely hear being praised is its looks. Techniques to improve the aesthetic appeal of the monolithic concrete pavements have been around since the fifties, notably in North America where concrete is possibly the most popular surfacing for patios, drives and 'yards', and in southern hemisphere, particularly Australia. However, it is the only since the mid 1980s that many of these techniques found their way to the North-west European paving market. Decorative concretes have been used to the dramatic effect in the new structural developments such as Trafford Centre in Birmingham, UK, Basilica of Yamoussoukro on Ivory Coast & the new European Parliament building. Dramatic effects are not only achieved in large structures though. Coloured concrete is just as effectively used in architectural pavements, paving stones and the internal flooring Undoubtedly, the most popular prettifying technique we see in the UK and Ireland and other western countries are Pattern Imprint, sometimes known as ‘Stamped’?’Imprinted' or 'Textured' concrete. From a sluggish start at the back end of the 1980s this technique has slowly but surely grown in popularity and now attracts a reasonable level of the interest, in both residential and commercial markets. In the recent years, refinements and developments of this technique have emerged and we now have stencilling techniques, high-strength textured overlays.

Self Compacting Concrete

This Civil Engineering Topics is discussing with the Self Compacting Concrete. Concrete is one of the most used construction material in the world and if correctly composed, it can be vary durable and thus save considerable society resources in the maintenances cost. Self compacting concrete is one of the subjects of concrete technology. The various investigations have been carried out and hence the concrete has been used in practical structures. Here we are providing a brief introduction to self compacting concrete which is also known as SCC is given. The definition and motivation for the development of Self compacting concrete have been discussed. The Self compacting concrete has some advantages over the normal concrete and also some disadvantagesover the normal concrete. An approach has been made to study the various aspects of the Self compacting concrete, such as types of Self compacting concrete, materials used and testing methods, in detail. This Civil Engineering paper also touches the economical considerations, applications and future development of the Self compacting concrete. A concrete that places itself - 'SCC’ A well-proportioned Self compacting concrete can flow under it’s own weight through and around congested reinforcement filling forms completely and producing a void free mass with no vibration and without segregation problems. When large quantity of heavy reinforcement is to be placed in RC member it is difficult to ensure that the formworks get completely filled with concrete that is fully compacted without voids of honeycombs. This problem can now be solved with SCC. SCC is placed or poured in the same as ordinary concrete but without vibration. It is very fluid and can pass around obstructions and fill all the nooks and corners without the risk of either mortar or other ingredients of the concrete separating out. At the same time there are no entrapped air or rock pockets. This type of concrete mixtures does not require any compaction and it saves time labor energy. The surface finish produced by Self compacting concrete is exceptionally good & patching will not necessary. This concept of Self compacting concrete was followed by a major European Research & Development projects. Self compacting concrete has been successfully used in France, Denmark and Netherlands and UK apart from Japan. It is gaining wide acceptability because no noise pollutions there and the construction process is safer and more productive. So ny these we can say that Self compacting concrete is a very good topic in the Civil Engineering.

Smart Materials

While talking about the Smart Materials, its a very interesting Engineering Seminar Topic in the field of Civil Engineering. A new generation of materials called smart materials is changing the way a structural system is going to be designed, built & monitored. Advances in the composite materials, instrumentation and the sensing technology in the combination with the new generation of the actuator systems based on the Piezoelectric ceramics and shape Memory Alloys have made this into possible.


The Shape memory alloys have found applications in a variety of the high performance products. It is ranging from the aircraft hydraulic coupling and electrical connectors to surgical suture anchors. Since the material can be generate high actuation forces in the response to temperature changes, shape memory alloys have the potential to serve as an alternative to the solenoids, which is special significance in the area of the smart structures. It is because it offers significant advantages over the conventional actuations technologies in the number of ways.

Advanced Construction Materials

A research on the advanced construction materials has given a push by many factors. In late eighty's, the aerospace industry has seen a steady decline; alternative use of new materials develop for aerospace industry is made possible to construction sector. Exotic materials such as advance polymers & high performance carbon fibre sheeting are researched upon to develop their potential use in the construction of the corrosion free buildings.
The advanced materials are looking on as next generation materials for high techbuildings. Materials that has been researched not only enhances the durability of buildings, but they also have ability to reduce the manpower usage, reduce or eliminating corrosion, and enhancing strength of the structural members. One of new materials which is being rapidly developed & applied is the use of continuous fibres in the construction. Continuous fibres are widely used in the retrofitting and strengthening type of works. Fibres could be impregnat in the resin at factory to produce stiff fibre reinforce polymer plate or they could be soaked in a resin just prior to application at site. Fibre Reinforce Polymer (FRP) utilises the high performance fibres such as the carbon aramid, kevlar and the other glass fibres encapsulated in the resin matrix. This technology has been developed to an alternative to the conventional steel reinforcement for using in the concrete structure primarily for avoiding the corrosion problems associated with the steel.Now, Fibre Reinforce Polymer can be used to increase or enhance flexural & shear strength of the slabs, Columns, Joints and the Slabs.